A handbook of practical shipbuilding
A HANDBOOK OF PRACTICAL SHIPBUILDING - WITH A GLOSSARY OF TERMS
BY J. D, MacBRIDE
NEW YORK, D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY, 1921
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PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION
Practical Shipbuilding deals primarily with Shipbuilding, i.e., the work on and around the shipways. The allied trades in the shops (machine, pattern, joiner, blacksmith, etc.) are distinctly separate trades, as they are also employed in many other kinds of commercial enterprises. Therefore the details of that work do not interest the reader of this volume, rather, only the work which specially pertains to ship construction.
The first edition has been thoroughly overhauled. No repairs were made, but considerable was done in the way of additional information under some of the former chapters and new material has been added in the form of Chapters XII and XV.
Shipbuilding is an extensive industry and the more one knows of the immense amount of detail in it, the more one realizes that such is really the case. It is impossible to go into details in a volume of this size, therefore it is the endeavor of the writer to deal only with those everyday things which the men on the shipways should know.
In building a small book of this kind it is more difficult to know what to leave out than it is to know what to put in it. It is like a "camouflaged" ship, the viewpoint is different, according to each person who looks at it.
It is hoped that the voyage of the Second Edition will be as successful as that of the First, which received cordial greetings in many harbors; with that in mind the anchor is weighed and "departure" is recorded.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. SHIPYARD ORGANIZATION
II. DIVISION OF WORK
III. SHIPYARD TOOLS
IV. SHLPWAY
V. KEELS
VI. SHELL PLATING
VII. FRAMES
VIII. FLOORS
IX. TANK TOP, INNER BOTTOM AND PEAK TANKS
X. STEM, STERN POST AND RUDDER
XI. BULKHEADS AND HATCHES
XII. STOP WATERS
XIII. HOLD STANCHIONS; FOUNDATIONS
XIV. DECK BEAMS AND PLATING
XV. TANK TESTING
XVI. LAUNCHING
XVII. SHIP FITTINGS AND JOINER WORK
XVIII. ENGINE ROOM AND ENGINES
XIX. BOILER ROOM AND BOILERS
XX. PROPELLERS
XXI. AUXILIARY MACHINERY
XXII. PIPING SYSTEMS
XXIII. HULL ENGINEERING
XXIV. ENGINE DOCK TRIAL
SHIP NOMENCLATURE
CHAPTER I - SHIPYARD ORGANIZATION
The shipbuilding business is like any other in that its executive and financial departments are separate from the manufacturing or fabricating branches of the organization. As this volume is not concerned with the Economics of Shipbuilding, but with ship construction, we need not burden ourselves with descriptions of the duties of officials like the President, Treasurer, etc., whose functions do not bring them directly. in touch with the actual work of putting a ship together.
In a modem shipyard the General Manager has charge of both Hull and Engine Departments, but he is the only connecting link, the two branches working quite independently of one another.
The Engine Department has a drafting room in which the designs and all detail drawings for use in the yard are made. Much of the work is made up of castings which are shipped in from outside firms according to plans furnished them and the shipyard is interested in making the rough casting over into a finished product ready for installation in the ship. Nearly all large shipyards have a machine shop with the necessary lathes, planers, shapers, etc., to do the work, with ample overhead crane facilities to handle the heavy weights.
The Machine Shop often has the heavy work on the floor, with galleries above to carry the smaller and lighter weight machines and fittings where much of the "bench work" is done on the small brass castings. When the heavy lathes, planers, etc., are at one end, on the floor, the other end of the building is devoted to erection work. The engine bed is laid down and thoroughly bolted, and the engine then put together piece after piece. This is done to be sure it will fit when carried to the ship, as this assembly work can be done while the ship is still under construction on the shipway. Any necessary changes can be made at this time without delaying delivery of the ship to the owners. After the whole engine has been assembled, it is taken down and sent to the ship as soon as the Engine Room is ready to receive it. This work is done for both reciprocating and turbine engines.
This also applies to such parts as propellers, propeller shafts, thrust blocks, etc. The condensers, auxiliary pumps, and fittings are often bought from an outside firm all ready for installation in the ship.
The Boiler Shop is the other large portion of the Engineering Department and in it the boiler work is all laid out. The equipment of this shop varies with the type of boilers that the shipyard is using, whether "Scotch" or "water- tube" types. When the "Scotch" boilers are used the heavy boiler plates are curved to the required circular shape by heavy, upright rolls. These plates are assembled, the furnaces, stay-rods, etc., fitted and after being riveted, caulked and tested with a water-pressure, they are set outside the shop until the Boiler Room is ready for them. "Water-tube" boilers are made up of many small parts and are often put together on the ship for the first time. The parts are light in weight and easily handled.
The Hull Department, has a drafting room separate from that of the Engine Department, in which the hull structure is laid down and detail drawings made of the different parts of the hull, such as shell, deck, and bulk-head plating; also all details for the hull fittings. Each detail plan of the steel plating of decks, bulk-heads, etc., gives all necessary information regarding the thickness of plates, the symbol whereby it may be traced from the Steel Yard, and dimensions giving all sizes. Where special riveting is required this is also shown in detail, but most of it can be described by notes, giving the diameter, spacing and type of head and point.
These plans show where all the angles are placed, all butts in plates and angles and all information necessary for assembling the whole of that part of the ship.
The Steel Yard is the place where the material for the hull is stored until it is ready for use. The various plates being placed together according to their destination on the ship, as shown by the marks painted on them by the steel makers.
All plates are stowed on edge so any of them may be taken out without disturbing all the others. They are held together and kept from falling by means of a rack which is sufficiently wide for the Yard men to lay the plates over at a small angle so they can look over the plates in order to find the symbols which indicate where each is to go when it is ready to send to the ship. The angles and channels are stowed separately and so placed that they can be easily identified when needed. All material, being heavy, is handled by cranes either over head or of the traveling type.
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A handbook of practical shipbuilding
In a modem shipyard the General Manager has charge of both Hull and Engine Departments, but he is the only connecting link, the two branches working quite independently of one another.
The Engine Department has a drafting room in which the designs and all detail drawings for use in the yard are made. Much of the work is made up of castings which are shipped in from outside firms according to plans furnished them and the shipyard is interested in making the rough casting over into a finished product ready for installation in the ship. Nearly all large shipyards have a machine shop with the necessary lathes, planers, shapers, etc., to do the work, with ample overhead crane facilities to handle the heavy weights.
The Machine Shop often has the heavy work on the floor, with galleries above to carry the smaller and lighter weight machines and fittings where much of the "bench work" is done on the small brass castings. When the heavy lathes, planers, etc., are at one end, on the floor, the other end of the building is devoted to erection work. The engine bed is laid down and thoroughly bolted, and the engine then put together piece after piece. This is done to be sure it will fit when carried to the ship, as this assembly work can be done while the ship is still under construction on the shipway. Any necessary changes can be made at this time without delaying delivery of the ship to the owners. After the whole engine has been assembled, it is taken down and sent to the ship as soon as the Engine Room is ready to receive it. This work is done for both reciprocating and turbine engines.
This also applies to such parts as propellers, propeller shafts, thrust blocks, etc. The condensers, auxiliary pumps, and fittings are often bought from an outside firm all ready for installation in the ship.
The Boiler Shop is the other large portion of the Engineering Department and in it the boiler work is all laid out. The equipment of this shop varies with the type of boilers that the shipyard is using, whether "Scotch" or "water- tube" types. When the "Scotch" boilers are used the heavy boiler plates are curved to the required circular shape by heavy, upright rolls. These plates are assembled, the furnaces, stay-rods, etc., fitted and after being riveted, caulked and tested with a water-pressure, they are set outside the shop until the Boiler Room is ready for them. "Water-tube" boilers are made up of many small parts and are often put together on the ship for the first time. The parts are light in weight and easily handled.
The Hull Department, has a drafting room separate from that of the Engine Department, in which the hull structure is laid down and detail drawings made of the different parts of the hull, such as shell, deck, and bulk-head plating; also all details for the hull fittings. Each detail plan of the steel plating of decks, bulk-heads, etc., gives all necessary information regarding the thickness of plates, the symbol whereby it may be traced from the Steel Yard, and dimensions giving all sizes. Where special riveting is required this is also shown in detail, but most of it can be described by notes, giving the diameter, spacing and type of head and point.
These plans show where all the angles are placed, all butts in plates and angles and all information necessary for assembling the whole of that part of the ship.
The Steel Yard is the place where the material for the hull is stored until it is ready for use. The various plates being placed together according to their destination on the ship, as shown by the marks painted on them by the steel makers.
All plates are stowed on edge so any of them may be taken out without disturbing all the others. They are held together and kept from falling by means of a rack which is sufficiently wide for the Yard men to lay the plates over at a small angle so they can look over the plates in order to find the symbols which indicate where each is to go when it is ready to send to the ship. The angles and channels are stowed separately and so placed that they can be easily identified when needed. All material, being heavy, is handled by cranes either over head or of the traveling type.
DOWNLOAD OLD SHIPBUILDING BOOK:
A handbook of practical shipbuilding
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