A treatise on the strength of timber, cast iron, malleable iron, and other materials
A TREATISE ON THE STRENGTH OF TIMBER, CAST IRON, MALLEABLE IRON, AND OTHER MATERIALS
With rules tor application in architecture, the construction of suspension bridges, railways, &c. and an appendix, on the power of locomotive engines, and the effect of inclined planes and gradients.
BY PETER BARLOW
LONDON; JOHN WEAL; 1845
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A treatise on the strength of timber, cast iron, malleable iron, and other materials
PREFACE
The first edition of my 'Essay on the Strength and Stress of Timber' was published in 1817) since which it has gone through three editions : another edition having been called for, I have thought it right to remodel the whole, and to introduce into it a great variety of matter not found in the original Work. At the time of the first publication, the construction of suspension bridges was in its infancy, and the application of malleable iron for the purposes of railways unknown. These, and various novel applications of timber, iron, and other materials, to different mechanical works, have rendered it necessary to investigate, experimentally and theoretically, many subjects which were not known when the first edition of this Work was published, and which it was difficult to introduce without remodelling the whole.
This has been accordingly done, and it is hoped that the utility of the Work has been thereby greatly increased. The arrangement which it has now been thought proper to adopt may be thus stated: the first subject treated of, is the strength of direct cohesion of the fibres of timber, with an account of the experiments of Musschenbroeck, Du Hamel, Emerson, and others; and lastly, of those made by the Author, with a description of the apparatus by which the results were obtained.
The next division treats of the mechanism of the transverse strain to which timber and other materials are exposed when loaded in any part of their length, and the mechanical action of the fibres to resist this strain. We then investigate theoretically the laws of deflections under all the varieties of position and fixing, to which timber and iron are subjected in architectural and other constructions. Having thus examined theoretically the nature of the several strains and the consequent deflections, we proceed to a detail of various experiments by Buffon, Girard, Beaufoy, &c., on the transverse strength of timber and lastly, the original experiments of the Author, which laid the foundation of the first edition, and on which founded the Table of Data adopted in the subsequent part of this division of the Work. Another section is employed in the detail of experiments on bent timber, as used in ship-building - on the effect of boiling and steaming timber; experiments by Girard on vertical pressure, and a series of illustrative problems and examples. A short chapter follows on the strength of cement and building materials, as stone, brick, &c., and on the subject of revetment walls.
The next division treats on the direct strength of cast iron and its application in the construction of hydrostatic presses; also on the direct strength of copper, brass, yellow metal, &c., from experiments made by Mr. Kingston on the testing machine in Woolwich Dockyard; and others by Messrs. George Rennie, Tredgold, and Duleau.
The following chapter treats on the transverse strength and deflection of cast iron beams under a great diversity of forms, principally from a highly interesting and valuable paper by Eaton Hodgkinson, Esq., in volume v. of the 'Manchester Memoirs.' We come now to the subject of malleable iron; and as the experiments on this material were principally made on the testing machine in his Majesty's Dockyard, Woolwich, it was thought that an accurate drawing and description of this machine would be acceptable to the reader: two new plates have been therefore introduced, illustrating its entire construction and operation.
A detail of experiments is then given on the strength of direct cohesion of iron bars and bolts, the testing strengths of the different descriptions of iron cables used in the British navy; Mr. Telford's experiments on iron wires; and lastly, a Table by Davies Gilbert, Esq., for the calculation of the several particulars connected with the construction of suspension bridges.
The next subject of investigation is the application of malleable iron to the purposes of railway bars, being the substance of two Reports by the Author, addressed to the Directors of the London and Birmingham Railway Company, with the addition of several subsequent experiments on railway bars of various forms and dimensions, and of miscellaneous experiments on the effect of locomotive engines and trains on the bars of the Liverpool and Manchester line.
These form the subject of the principal matters treated of in the body of the Work, but an Appendix is added, on the practical action of locomotive engines, and on the effect of inclined planes and gradients, with a view to the comparison of the mechanical advantages and disadvantages of rival lines of railway.
The first edition of my 'Essay on the Strength and Stress of Timber' was published in 1817) since which it has gone through three editions : another edition having been called for, I have thought it right to remodel the whole, and to introduce into it a great variety of matter not found in the original Work. At the time of the first publication, the construction of suspension bridges was in its infancy, and the application of malleable iron for the purposes of railways unknown. These, and various novel applications of timber, iron, and other materials, to different mechanical works, have rendered it necessary to investigate, experimentally and theoretically, many subjects which were not known when the first edition of this Work was published, and which it was difficult to introduce without remodelling the whole.
This has been accordingly done, and it is hoped that the utility of the Work has been thereby greatly increased. The arrangement which it has now been thought proper to adopt may be thus stated: the first subject treated of, is the strength of direct cohesion of the fibres of timber, with an account of the experiments of Musschenbroeck, Du Hamel, Emerson, and others; and lastly, of those made by the Author, with a description of the apparatus by which the results were obtained.
The next division treats of the mechanism of the transverse strain to which timber and other materials are exposed when loaded in any part of their length, and the mechanical action of the fibres to resist this strain. We then investigate theoretically the laws of deflections under all the varieties of position and fixing, to which timber and iron are subjected in architectural and other constructions. Having thus examined theoretically the nature of the several strains and the consequent deflections, we proceed to a detail of various experiments by Buffon, Girard, Beaufoy, &c., on the transverse strength of timber and lastly, the original experiments of the Author, which laid the foundation of the first edition, and on which founded the Table of Data adopted in the subsequent part of this division of the Work. Another section is employed in the detail of experiments on bent timber, as used in ship-building - on the effect of boiling and steaming timber; experiments by Girard on vertical pressure, and a series of illustrative problems and examples. A short chapter follows on the strength of cement and building materials, as stone, brick, &c., and on the subject of revetment walls.
The next division treats on the direct strength of cast iron and its application in the construction of hydrostatic presses; also on the direct strength of copper, brass, yellow metal, &c., from experiments made by Mr. Kingston on the testing machine in Woolwich Dockyard; and others by Messrs. George Rennie, Tredgold, and Duleau.
The following chapter treats on the transverse strength and deflection of cast iron beams under a great diversity of forms, principally from a highly interesting and valuable paper by Eaton Hodgkinson, Esq., in volume v. of the 'Manchester Memoirs.' We come now to the subject of malleable iron; and as the experiments on this material were principally made on the testing machine in his Majesty's Dockyard, Woolwich, it was thought that an accurate drawing and description of this machine would be acceptable to the reader: two new plates have been therefore introduced, illustrating its entire construction and operation.
A detail of experiments is then given on the strength of direct cohesion of iron bars and bolts, the testing strengths of the different descriptions of iron cables used in the British navy; Mr. Telford's experiments on iron wires; and lastly, a Table by Davies Gilbert, Esq., for the calculation of the several particulars connected with the construction of suspension bridges.
The next subject of investigation is the application of malleable iron to the purposes of railway bars, being the substance of two Reports by the Author, addressed to the Directors of the London and Birmingham Railway Company, with the addition of several subsequent experiments on railway bars of various forms and dimensions, and of miscellaneous experiments on the effect of locomotive engines and trains on the bars of the Liverpool and Manchester line.
These form the subject of the principal matters treated of in the body of the Work, but an Appendix is added, on the practical action of locomotive engines, and on the effect of inclined planes and gradients, with a view to the comparison of the mechanical advantages and disadvantages of rival lines of railway.
CONTENTS.
ON THE STRENGTH OF TIMBER.
- Experiments on Direct Cohesion, by Musschenbroek
- Experiments on the effect of Seasoning
- Experiments on Direct Cohesion, at the Royal Military Academy
- Experiments on Lateral Adhesion
- Mechanism of the Transverse Strain
- Resulting Formulae
- Mechanical Action of the Fibres to resist a transverse Strain
- Resulting Formulae
- Theoretical Deflection of Beams as depending on their length
- Investigation relating to the Elastic Curve
- Another mode of investigating the amount of Deflection
- Deflection of Beams supported at each end
- The same, when uniformly loaded
- Deflection of Beams as depending on their breadth and depth
- Experiments on Deflection
- Dupin's Experiments and Deductions
- General Practical Deductions
- Experiments on the Transverse Strength of Timber
- Experiments by Buffon
- Experiments by Beaofoy
- Experiments by Peake and Barrallier
- Experiments by Couch, on various formed Bars
- Experiments on Woods of different kinds, made at the Royal Military Academy
- Description of Apparatus
- Experiments on Fir Battens, supported at each end
- Miscellaneous Experiments on Fir Battens, cross-cut in the centre
- Miscellaneous Experiments on grooved along the middle
- Miscellaneous Experiments on triangular Fir Battens
- Experiments on Battens, fixed at each end
- Experiments on fixed at one end at different angles of inclination
- Experiments on Oak Battens
- Experiments on Ash Battens
- Experiments on Beech Battens
- Experiments on solid and hollow Cylinders
- Determination of Practical Data
- Table of Data
- Additional Experiments, by P. W. Barlow, on Woods of various kinds
- Experiments on the Strength of bent Timber
- Experiments on bent Timber, in its natural state, compared with Timber bent artificially
- Experiments on Trussed Girders
- On the Resistance to Pressure
- Crushing Force
- Resistance of Columns to Flexure
- Experiments on Vertical Pressure, by Girard
- Solution of Practical Problems
- On the Strength of Cements and Building Materials
- Experiments on the Resisting Power of various Building Materials to a Crushing Force
- On the Force necessary to overturn Walls and Columns
- On the Pressure of Banks and Dimensions of Revetments
STRENGTH OF CAST IRON.
- Direct Cohesion of Cast Iron
- On the Strength of Hydrostatic Presses
- Direct Cohesion of various Metals
- Experiments on the Resistance of Iron Bars to a Wrenching Force
- Experiments on the Resistance of Cast Iron to a Crashing Force
- Transverse Strength of Cast Iron
- Deflection of Cast Iron
- Experiments on the Transverse Strength of Beams of various Sections, by Eaton Hodgkinson, Esq,
- Miscellaneous Experiments, by G. Rennie, Esq
- Experiments on the Transverse Strength of Steel
STRENGTH OF MALLEABLE IRON.
- Description of the Testing Machine in His Majesty's Dockyard, Woolwich
- Experiments on the Strength of Chains
- Experiments on the Direct Cohesion of Malleable Iron
- Experiments on Bars and Cables
- Experiments on Iron Bolts and Bars in the Testing Machine, by the Author
- Experiments on Iron Wire, by Telford
- Comparison of these results, with Theoretical Deductions
- On the Catenary Curve
- Table for computing the several cases of Strain, &c. of Suspension Bridges
- Transverse Strength of Malleable Iron
- Experiments on the Extension of Iron under different degrees of Tension
- Experiments to determine the Comparative Resistance of Malleable Iron to Extension and Compression
- Comparative Strengths of Parallel Rails of equal sections but of different figures
- Rule for computing the Strength
- Mechanical Solution of Strength
- Rail of Maximum Strength
- On the Longitudinal Figure of Rails
- Report addressed to the Directors of the London and Birmingham Railway Company
- Experiments on Railway Bars
- Miscellaneous Experiments on the Motion and Pressure of Locomotive Engines and Trains on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway
- Description of the Apparatus employed
- Experiments on the Deflection of Railway Ban
- On the proportional increased Strength with increased Distance of Bearing
- Sections for different Distances
- Tables of the Weight of Iron, per mile
- Experiments on the Stability of Blocks
- Best Form of Rail
- Best Form of Chairs
- Formation of Joints
- Best Mode of Filing
APPENDIX.
On the Deflection of Railway Bars
On the Power of Locomotive Engines
On the Effect of Gradients
Table of Specific Gravities of Building Materials
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A treatise on the strength of timber, cast iron, malleable iron, and other materials
