Autogenous welding of metals
AUTOGENOUS WELDING OF METALS
A description of the application of Autogenous Welding to the manufacture of Tanks; Gasometers, Receptacles for Liquids or Gases, with or without pressure; Steam and Hot Water Boilers, Kettles; Small Boats; Automobiles; Piping, either steel, copper or brass; and Coils of all kinds; and also its application to Repairing old or new Castings injured through such defects as blow-holes, cracks, etc. Its application to the Manufacture of Steel, Brass, Bars and Plates, and to the Destruction of Metals, Structures, etc.
BY L. L.BERNIER
NEW YORK, THE BOILER MAKER, 1908
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Autogenous welding of metals
CHAPTER I.
HIGH TEMPERATURES FOR INDUSTRIAL PURPOSES OBTAINED BY MEANS OF BURNERS DEFINITIONS
The so-called oxyacetylene welding of metals consists in the assembling, by means of more or less complete melting of metallic pieces of the same nature, the surfaces of which are brought in contact at a high temperature, without interposition of a different metal from that constituting the pieces.
By extension, the name "oxyacetylene" has been applied to welding made between pieces of different metals which can, however, form a resisting alloy. On the other hand, the interposition of another neutral metal capable of forming a more or less perfect assembling between the two similar or different metals in presence constitutes a "brazing," and tin soldering is among that class.
The melting points of the various metals being very different, the oxyacetylene welding of a certain number of metals (lead, for instance) has been easily accomplished for a number of years, while its application to iron, steel, brass, etc., has been more difficult and required entirely different processes.
We shall consider these latter processes only, and if we were to refer to the definition of oxy acetylene welding we would have to establish the following classification:
- Welding with a blacksmith's forge
- Hydrothermal welding
- Electrical welding
- Oxyhydric blow-pipe
- Oxyacetylenic blow-pipe
- Illuminating gas and oxygen blow-pipe
However, the processes using gas burners affording numerous advantages to the ordinary work of the various industries, only the following processes are actually to be considered:
- Oxyhydric burner (oxygen and hydrogen)
- Oxyacetylenic burner (oxygen and acetylene)
- Oxygas burner (oxygen and illuminating gas)
COMPARISON BETWEEN THE VARIOUS TYPES OF BLOW-PIPES
The oxygen and hydrogen used in the oxyhydric burner may be obtained from the tanks in general use in the trade, in which these gases are compressed under a pressure of 300 to 1,800 pounds per square inch. They may also be generated on the spot by the electrolysis of water, and then compressed under a pressure of 300 pounds, to be then distributed to the burners through appropriate pipe lines.
In general, this latter principle is not applied because of the costly apparatus, the experienced personnel and the expensive maintenance which it requires. Moreover, the decomposition of the water into its elements and the fact that the hydrogen and oxygen pipe lines must of necessity run close to each other, constitute a source of danger and render impossible the production of these gases in the consumer's plant.
As a rule all the oxyhydric burners in use are supplied from ordinary tanks containing the. gases under pressure. The actual average prices are: oxygen, 4 cents per cubic foot; hydrogen, about i cent per cubic foot.
For oxyacetylenic burners commercial oxygen is used; the acetylene comes from one of the following sources: Dissolved acetylene in tanks, where the gas is dissolved in acetone, impregnating a porous material and under an average pressure of 150 pounds; acetylene generating apparatus, producing the gas on the spot under a pressure of about 10 pounds whenever required. The actual average prices are as follows: Oxygen, 4 cents per cubic foot; dissolved acetylene, 2 cents per cubic foot. The cost price of acetylene produced on the spot by generating apparatus is about i cent per cubic foot.
From the point of view of their use the oxyacetylene welding processes may be classified as follows:
Processes admitting of the easy transportation of the welding apparatus to the places where the work is to be done; dissolved acetylene welding; oxyhydric welding.
Processes necessitating the transportation of the piece to be welded to a fixed welding station; oxyacetylene welding, the acetylene being supplied by a generator; illuminating gas welding.
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Autogenous welding of metals
By extension, the name "oxyacetylene" has been applied to welding made between pieces of different metals which can, however, form a resisting alloy. On the other hand, the interposition of another neutral metal capable of forming a more or less perfect assembling between the two similar or different metals in presence constitutes a "brazing," and tin soldering is among that class.
The melting points of the various metals being very different, the oxyacetylene welding of a certain number of metals (lead, for instance) has been easily accomplished for a number of years, while its application to iron, steel, brass, etc., has been more difficult and required entirely different processes.
We shall consider these latter processes only, and if we were to refer to the definition of oxy acetylene welding we would have to establish the following classification:
- Welding with a blacksmith's forge
- Hydrothermal welding
- Electrical welding
- Oxyhydric blow-pipe
- Oxyacetylenic blow-pipe
- Illuminating gas and oxygen blow-pipe
However, the processes using gas burners affording numerous advantages to the ordinary work of the various industries, only the following processes are actually to be considered:
- Oxyhydric burner (oxygen and hydrogen)
- Oxyacetylenic burner (oxygen and acetylene)
- Oxygas burner (oxygen and illuminating gas)
COMPARISON BETWEEN THE VARIOUS TYPES OF BLOW-PIPES
The oxygen and hydrogen used in the oxyhydric burner may be obtained from the tanks in general use in the trade, in which these gases are compressed under a pressure of 300 to 1,800 pounds per square inch. They may also be generated on the spot by the electrolysis of water, and then compressed under a pressure of 300 pounds, to be then distributed to the burners through appropriate pipe lines.
In general, this latter principle is not applied because of the costly apparatus, the experienced personnel and the expensive maintenance which it requires. Moreover, the decomposition of the water into its elements and the fact that the hydrogen and oxygen pipe lines must of necessity run close to each other, constitute a source of danger and render impossible the production of these gases in the consumer's plant.
As a rule all the oxyhydric burners in use are supplied from ordinary tanks containing the. gases under pressure. The actual average prices are: oxygen, 4 cents per cubic foot; hydrogen, about i cent per cubic foot.
For oxyacetylenic burners commercial oxygen is used; the acetylene comes from one of the following sources: Dissolved acetylene in tanks, where the gas is dissolved in acetone, impregnating a porous material and under an average pressure of 150 pounds; acetylene generating apparatus, producing the gas on the spot under a pressure of about 10 pounds whenever required. The actual average prices are as follows: Oxygen, 4 cents per cubic foot; dissolved acetylene, 2 cents per cubic foot. The cost price of acetylene produced on the spot by generating apparatus is about i cent per cubic foot.
From the point of view of their use the oxyacetylene welding processes may be classified as follows:
Processes admitting of the easy transportation of the welding apparatus to the places where the work is to be done; dissolved acetylene welding; oxyhydric welding.
Processes necessitating the transportation of the piece to be welded to a fixed welding station; oxyacetylene welding, the acetylene being supplied by a generator; illuminating gas welding.
DOWNLOAD FREE WELDING BOOK:
Autogenous welding of metals
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