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Automobile engine auxiliaries
AUTOMOBILE ENGINE AUXILIARIES
INTERNATIONAL LIBRARY OF TECHNOLOGY
A series of textbooks for persons engaged in the engineering professions and trades or for those who desire information concerning them. fully illustrated and containing numerous practical examples and their solutions.
SCRANTON, INTERNATIONAL TEXTBOOK COMPANY, 1910
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- AUTOMOBILE ENGINE AUXILIARIES
- AUTOMOBILE CARBURETORS
- ELECTRIC IGNITION
- TRANSMISSION AND CONTROL MECHANISM
- BEARINGS AND LUBRICATION
- AUTOMOBILE TIRES
PREFACE
The International Library of Technology is the outgrowth of a large and increasing demand that has arisen for the Reference Libraries of the International Correspondence Schools on the part of those who are not students of the Schools. As the volumes composing this Library are all printed from the same plates used in printing the Reference Libraries above mentioned, a few words are necessary regarding the scope and purpose of the instruction imparted to the students of - and the class of students taught by – these Schools, in order to afford a clear understanding of their salient and unique features.
This and the succeeding volume are devoted to the principles of operation and details of construction of gasoline automobile mechanism. The first volume is devoted to an exposition of the principles of operation and characteristic features of construction of cooling and muffling devices, carburetors, ignition apparatus, transmission and control mechanism, lubricating devices, and tires. Tire deterioration and methods of making temporary and permanent tire repairs are thoroughly and clearly explained. The second volume deals with the relations that the parts of the gasoline automobile bear to one another in the assembled vehicle; the principle of operation and details of construction of two-cycle and four-cycle automobile engines; use of throttle and spark levers for regulating the speed of a running automobile; directions for starting the engine and car under all conditions; adjustment and care of carbureters, spark-coil and magneto-ignition devices, valves, brakes, friction clutches, planetary and sliding-gear transmissions, wheel bearings, chains, universal joints, steering gears, springs, and lamps; road rules and customs; ignition troubles of every kind; carbureter disturbances; engine starting and running difficulties; cylinder and piston disorders; valve derangements; lubricating and cooling-system troubles; overhauling and repairs, involving the inspection, adjustment, and renewal of different elements of the running gear and power plant. The two volumes will fully meet the needs of any person who wants to know how to operate, care for, and maintain a gasoline automobile, whether as a chauffeur or owner, and whether or not such person already has an ordinary knowledge of automobile running. The text was written by experts, and imparts a correct and intimate knowledge of the principles involved in the construction, maintenance, and handling of modem gasoline automobiles.
CONTENTS
- AUTOMOBILE-ENGINE AUXILIARIES
- AUTOMOBILE CARBURETORS
- ELECTRIC IGNITION
- TRANSMISSION AND CONTROL MECHANISM
- BEARINGS AND LUBRICATION
- AUTOMOBILE TIRES
COOLING AND MUFFLING DEVICES
INTRODUCTION
1. In an internal-combustion engine, unless provision were made for cooling, the heat from the explosion of the charge would raise the temperature of the cylinder walls and piston so high as to render lubrication impossible. The devices employed for cooling purposes comprise what is known as the cooling: system of the automobile.
Many automobile engines are cooled by circulating water or some other liquid through the space between the outer wall of the cylinder and a jacket casing that surrounds the cylinder head and the part of the cylinder barrel nearest the head. Air is used for cooling in only a comparatively small proportion of automobile engines, and in some cases oil is used in winter as the cooling medium.
About the only objection to the use of water for cooling is that it is liable to freeze in cold weather. In order to overcome this objection, various substances are added to the water or dissolved in it so as to form a mixture that will not freeze until the temperature is considerably below that at which pure or nearly pure water freezes.
2. The method of cooling with liquids is the same for all liquids. When water is used for cooling, it enters the jacket space generally either at its lowest part, or just below the exhaust valve, and flows out at the highest part. It is extremely important to have the water flow from the highest part of the jacket space, because an air pocket or steam pocket would be formed if a portion of the enclosed space were higher than the outlet. It is also very important that the jacket space should be shaped so that there is no part from which the water cannot flow upwards toward the outlet. It is not necessary, however, that the circulating water should enter the jacket at the extreme lowest portion; in some engines that give the best of service, the water enters just beneath the exhaust port.
The hot water from the jacket passes through connecting pipes to a radiator, where it is cooled, and from the radiator it passes back to the jacket space of the engine again. It then repeats its cycle of cooling the engine and being cooled in the radiator. Circulation is maintained either by a pump, which forces the water through the system, and which on this account is called a forced circulation system, or by what is known as thermal circulation, which means circulation due to the heating of the water.
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