Essentials of mechanical drafting
ESSENTIALS OF MECHANICAL DRAFTING - ELEMENTS, PRINCIPLES, AND METHODS
With specific applications in working drawings of furniture, machine, and sheet metal construction
A manual for students, arranged for reference and study in connection with courses in manual training, industrial, high, and technical schools.
By Ludwig Frank
Instructor in drawing, high school of commerce. Boston,
1917, Milton Bradley Company, Springfield, Massachusetts
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Essentials of mechanical drafting
PREFACE
The purpose of this book is to provide the student with definite comprehensive text and illustrations comprising the theory and practice of mechanical drafting which shall effectively supplement and give emphasis to the work of the teacher and at the same time afford complete freedom in the presentation and application of principles to meet different requirements, conditions, and individual needs.
In view of this purpose, and for greater convenience of reference and connected study of related subject-matter, the text is presented in a progressive series o topically arranged articles with appropriate cross references.
This arrangement is not intended, however, as a prescribed order of study to be rigidly adhered to, nor is the content of the text intended to supersede necessary personal instruction or thoughtful study on the part of the student.
The book is designed to be used as the teacher may determine in connection with his own course; to conserve the time and energy usually expended in repetition; to secure a systematic study of such text and illustrations as relate to the oral presentation; and to enable the student to review any desired topic a individual need arises and to proceed with the minimum of dependence upon the teacher.
It is believed that the content and arrangement will be found adaptable an adequate wherever mechanical drafting is taught; will assist the teacher in formulating specific courses; will stimulate the interest of the student by giving greater appreciation of the utility and scope of the subject; and will prove an efficient aid in developing a working knowledge of the elements, principles, and methods of drafting as applied in general practice.
Ludwig Frank.
Brookline, January, 1917.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1. Nature and Uses of Mechanical Drafting
2. Geometric Terms, Definitions, etc.
3. General Instructions for Working out Problems
CHAPTER II
INSTRUMENTS, MATERIALS, AND THEIR USE
4. List of Equipment
5. Care and Arrangement of Equipment
6. Drawing Board
7. T-Square
8. Triangles
9. Pencils and Writing Pens
10. Needle-point
11. Scales
12. Protractor
13. Compasses
14. Bow Compasses
15. Dividers
16. Bow Dividers
17. Ruling Pen
18. Curve Rulers
19. Erasers
CHAPTER III
PENCILING AND FINISH RENDERING
20. Layout of the Sheet
21. Constructive Stage of the Drawing
22. Finishing Stage of the Drawing
23. Shadow Lining
24. Line Shading
25. Lettering
CHAPTER IV
GEOMETRIC CONSTRUCTION
26. Geometric and Practical Methods
27. To bisect a straight line or a circular arc
28. To bisect an angle
29. To construct an angle equal to a given angle
30. To divide a straight line into any number of equal parts
31. To divide a straight line into parts proportional to those of a given divided line
32. To layoff the length of a given circular curve upon a straight line
33. To lay off the length of a given straight line upon an arc
34. To draw a perpendicular to a line, from or through a given point
35. To draw a line at an angle of any given magnitude in a quadrant with a given line
36. To draw a parallel to a given straight line: (a) at a given distance; or (b) through a given point
37. To construct a triangle: having given (a) the sides; (b) a side and angles adjacent to it; or (c) a side an adjacent angle, and angle opposite the side
38. To construct an isosceles triangle when the base and vertex angle are given
39. To construct an equilateral triangle when the altitude is given
40. To circumscribe a circle about a given triangle
41. To inscribe a circle within a given triangle
42. To inscribe an equilateral triangle within a circle
43. To circumscribe an equilateral triangle about a circle
44. To construct a parallelogram when two sides and the included angle are given
45. To construct a square on a given side
46. To inscribe a square within a circle
47. To construct a square on a given diagonal
48. To circumscribe a square about a circle
49. To inscribe a regular pentagon within a circle
50. To construct a regular hexagon on a given side
51. To inscribe a regular hexagon within a circle
52. To construct a regular hexagon on a given long diagonal
53. To inscribe a regular octagon within a circle
54. To circumscribe a regular octagon about a circle
55. To construct any regular polygon. General methods: having given (a) a side; (b) the circumscribing circle; or (c) the inscribed circle
56. To construct a polygon similar to a given polygon, upon a given side
57. To plot a figure similar to a given figure by means of a base line or center lime, and offsets
58. To draw a tangent to a circle through a given point
59. To draw a tangent to two given circles
60. To draw a circular curve of given radius tangent to a given circular curve and to a given straight line, or to two given circular curves
6l. To draw a circular curve tangent to two given straight lines: having given (a) a point of tangency; or (b) the radius
62. To draw a circular curve tangent to three straight lines
63. To draw circular curves tangent to two given parallel straight lines and to each oilier, at a given point
64. To draw an ellipse when the axes are given:
(a) By Focal Radii
(b) By Trammel Method
(c) By Revolution of a Circle
(d) By Parallelogram Method
(e) By Circular Area
CHAPTER V
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
65. General Principles
66. To draw the front, top, and side views of a rectangular object
67. Objects Having Surfaces Oblique to the Co-ordinate Planes
68. Objects Having Curved Surfaces
69. Projections upon Oblique Auxiliary Planes
70. Revolution of Surfaces
71. True Length and Position of Lines Oblique to the Co-ordinate Planes,
72. Objects Oblique to the Co-ordinate
73. Partial Views, and Use of Auxiliary Views in Determining Required Views
74. Rules Governing the Position of Lines and Surfaces Relative to Any Two Perpendicular Planes of Projection,
CHAPTER VI
PLANE SECTIONS
75. Principles and Methods
76. Objects Having Plane Surfaces
77. Objects Having Curved Surfaces
CHAPTER VII
INTERSECTION OF SURFACES
78. Principles and Methods
79. Objects Having Plane Surfaces
8O. Objects Having Curved Surfaces
CHAPTER VIII
DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES
81. Principles and Methods
82. Objects Having Plane Surfaces
83. Objects Having Cylindrical or Conic Surfaces
84. Objects Having Double Curved Warped Surfaces
85. Intersecting Surfaces Surfaces
CHAPTER IX
MECHANICAL PICTORIAL DRAWINGS
86. Character and Purpose of the Drawing
87. Isometric Projection
88. To draw the isometric of a rectangular object
89. To draw the isometric of an object involving non-isometric figures
90. Oblique Projection
91. Shade Lines, Shadow Lines, and Line Shading
CHAPTER X
WORKING DRAWINGS
92. Character and Purpose of the Drawing
93. Types of Drawings
94. Position of Object and Arrangement of Views
95. Selection and Number of Views, etc
96. Center Lines
97. Conventional Representations
98. Sectional Views
99. Broken Views
100. Standard Sizes of Sheets and Scale of Drawing
101. Dimensioning
102. Lettering
103. Shadow Lining and Line Shading
104. Sketching
105. Making Scale Drawings
106. Tracing and Blue-printing
107. Checking Drawings
108. Reading Drawings
CHAPTER XI
HELICAL CURVES, THREADED PARTS, AND SPRINGS
109. Helices
110. Screw Threads
111. Pipe Threads
112. Bolts
113. Screws
114. Springs
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