Tips and tricks
Motor truck and automobile motors and mechanism
MOTOR TRUCK AND AUTOMOBILE MOTORS AND MECHANISM
A Practical Illustrated Treatise on the Power Plant and Motive Parts of the Modern Motor Vehicle, for Owners, Operators and Repairmen.
BY THOMAS H. RUSSELL
CHARLES C THOMPSON CO.,CHICAGO, 1917
DOWNLOAD OLD AUTOMOTIVE BOOK:
Motor truck and automobile motors and mechanism
PREFACE
The purpose of this book is to present in a clear, concise manner the essential facts regarding the construction and operation of the modern automobile and motor truck. Included in the text are many useful hints and rules for locating and repairing the many ills to which the motor vehicle is heir. Special attention has been paid to the operation and repair of the Ford chassis, whether used as a pleasure car or truck. This makes the book more than ordinarily valuable to the owner of this popular little car, as the Ford has many peculiar features of construction not used on other automobiles.
In principle of construction the motor truck does not differ greatly from the pleasure car, but the differences in detail are fully described in a separate chapter. Electric cars and trucks are also included.
Beginning with a simple description of the relation between the parts of an assembled car, the reader is led in easy and logical steps to a detailed analysis of the construction of the various items, their maintenance and repair. The construction and operation of the gasoline motor receives particular attention. Such new features as the electric gear shaft, vacuum fuel feed, and the eight-cylinder motor are described in detail.
Ignition and electric self-starting devices found on. every modern machine are given particular attention as the electrical equipment is generally the least understood feature of the construction. A comprehensive illustration of the electrical circuits is included in the chapter on Self-Starting.
In principle of construction the motor truck does not differ greatly from the pleasure car, but the differences in detail are fully described in a separate chapter. Electric cars and trucks are also included.
Beginning with a simple description of the relation between the parts of an assembled car, the reader is led in easy and logical steps to a detailed analysis of the construction of the various items, their maintenance and repair. The construction and operation of the gasoline motor receives particular attention. Such new features as the electric gear shaft, vacuum fuel feed, and the eight-cylinder motor are described in detail.
Ignition and electric self-starting devices found on. every modern machine are given particular attention as the electrical equipment is generally the least understood feature of the construction. A comprehensive illustration of the electrical circuits is included in the chapter on Self-Starting.
CONTENTS
I. ESSENTIAL PARTS OF A MOTORCAR
II. THE INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
III. FUNCTION OF MOTOR PARTS
IV. MOTOR TRUCKS
V. CLUTCHES
VI. TRANSMISSION OR “CHANGE GEAR”
VII. CARBURETERS AND FUEL SUPPLY
VIII. DRIVING FORD CARS AND TRUCKS
IX. IGNITION AND SELF-STARTING SYSTEMS
X. DIFFERENTIAL GEAR
XI. SPUR OR TOOTHED GEAR
XII. SHAFTS
XIII. LUBRICATION AND LUBRICATORS
XIV. PUMPS
XV. MOTOR MISFIRING
XVI. NOISES IN THE MOTOR
XVII. MOTOR OVERHEATING
XVIII. ELECTRIC MOTORS
CHAPTER I - ESSENTIAL PARTS OF A MOTOR CAR.
We may classify motor vehicles under four different types:
(1) Those propelled by means of internal combustion engines.
(2) Those propelled by steam engines.
(3) Those propelled by electric motors supplied with current from a storage battery.
(4) Those propelled by electric motors, using current generated on the car by means of an internal combustion engine.
It is with, the first that we shall have mostly to deal, for steam and electric cars, though successful in operation and having many firm friends and advocates, are at present in the minority.
In Figs. 1 and 2 we show how the arrangement of the various parts of the motor car is carried out.
In Fig. 1 we have a chain-driven car, and in Fig. 2 a gear driven car. The difference between the two is small. We will take first a chain-driven car, and in most cases we have given the same reference letters to the same parts in Figs. 1 and 2. A is the engine - in this case a four-cylindered engine (it may, of course, be of one, two, three, four, six, or eight cylinders, and may be arranged differently as regards the inlet and exhaust from the method shown in our diagram). B is the flywheel of the engine and this may be regarded as the point where the power is transmitted from the engine to do the work of propelling the car: Inside B is the female portion of a clutch, the male portion being shown at C. This clutch is for the purpose of connecting or disconnecting the engine to or from the transmission mechanism which transmits the power to the road wheels. D is a shaft which is driven by the male member C of the clutch when it is in engagement with the female member E. It is kept in engagement by means of a spring shown diagrammatically in our illustration. It may be arranged in a variety of ways, described in greater detail under the heading Clutch.
The internal combustion engine being incapable of starting until the crank shaft has been revolved, there is a starting handle S in front of the car which is put into communication with the crank shaft, but which automatically comes out of engagement as soon as the engine is started.
Y is the radiator, placed in front of the engine; sometimes it has a fan behind it, at other times the flywheel of the engine forms a fan, the object being to accelerate the speed at which the air is drawn through the radiator for cooling purposes. U represents the position of the carbureter on the inlet side of the engine. The carbureter, of course, may be placed at either side of the engine, and sometimes, where the inlet and exhaust valves are all on one. side, it is placed on the other side on a pipe which leads through between the two pairs of cylinders to supply them with gas. W is the crank shaft, to which the flywheel B is rigidly secured.
The parts which we have described represent the power- generating plant. We will now describe that portion: which is purely for transmission purposes. D is a shaft coupled to the male portion of the clutch C. This shaft is only rotated by the engine when the clutch is in engagement. It then drives through into the gear box E. In the gear box is provided a change speed gear mechanism (see Change Speed Gear), and also the differential gear and the bevel wheel, by means of which the power is transmitted from the longitudinal shaft in the gear box to the cross shafts H, H, known collectively as the countershaft, which is arranged transversely in the frame. The ends of these shafts carry sprocket wheels J, J, these sprocket wheels being connected by means of the chains K to larger sized sprocket wheels attached to the hubs of the rear wheels. These sprocket wheels are marked Ji, J. L, L is a solid forged axle carry- ing at its ends the road wheels M, M, which revolve about it. Z is the muffler, into which the exhaust gases from the engine flow.
There are three pedals shown just over the clutch. P is the clutch pedal, by depressing which ' the clutch is taken out of engagement. O is a pedal which operates a brake, generally on the countershaft. N is the accelerator pedal used to hold up the governor, and to thus allow the engine to attain its highest speed.
The method of arranging a motor car as we have described is one of the earliest, and is still used in a very great number of up-to-date and high-powered cars. The chain transmission, however, although it has many advantages, is often noisy, and in the more modern cars using this type of transmission chain cases have been fitted not only to deaden the noise, but also to protect the chain from dirt and to insure its proper, lubrication.
In Fig. 2 we show in diagrammatic form a representative arrangement of a car in which the transmission is by gearing instead of chains, and cars using this method are known as gear-driven cars.
DOWNLOAD OLD AUTOMOTIVE BOOK:
Motor truck and automobile motors and mechanism
(1) Those propelled by means of internal combustion engines.
(2) Those propelled by steam engines.
(3) Those propelled by electric motors supplied with current from a storage battery.
(4) Those propelled by electric motors, using current generated on the car by means of an internal combustion engine.
It is with, the first that we shall have mostly to deal, for steam and electric cars, though successful in operation and having many firm friends and advocates, are at present in the minority.
In Figs. 1 and 2 we show how the arrangement of the various parts of the motor car is carried out.
In Fig. 1 we have a chain-driven car, and in Fig. 2 a gear driven car. The difference between the two is small. We will take first a chain-driven car, and in most cases we have given the same reference letters to the same parts in Figs. 1 and 2. A is the engine - in this case a four-cylindered engine (it may, of course, be of one, two, three, four, six, or eight cylinders, and may be arranged differently as regards the inlet and exhaust from the method shown in our diagram). B is the flywheel of the engine and this may be regarded as the point where the power is transmitted from the engine to do the work of propelling the car: Inside B is the female portion of a clutch, the male portion being shown at C. This clutch is for the purpose of connecting or disconnecting the engine to or from the transmission mechanism which transmits the power to the road wheels. D is a shaft which is driven by the male member C of the clutch when it is in engagement with the female member E. It is kept in engagement by means of a spring shown diagrammatically in our illustration. It may be arranged in a variety of ways, described in greater detail under the heading Clutch.
The internal combustion engine being incapable of starting until the crank shaft has been revolved, there is a starting handle S in front of the car which is put into communication with the crank shaft, but which automatically comes out of engagement as soon as the engine is started.
Y is the radiator, placed in front of the engine; sometimes it has a fan behind it, at other times the flywheel of the engine forms a fan, the object being to accelerate the speed at which the air is drawn through the radiator for cooling purposes. U represents the position of the carbureter on the inlet side of the engine. The carbureter, of course, may be placed at either side of the engine, and sometimes, where the inlet and exhaust valves are all on one. side, it is placed on the other side on a pipe which leads through between the two pairs of cylinders to supply them with gas. W is the crank shaft, to which the flywheel B is rigidly secured.
The parts which we have described represent the power- generating plant. We will now describe that portion: which is purely for transmission purposes. D is a shaft coupled to the male portion of the clutch C. This shaft is only rotated by the engine when the clutch is in engagement. It then drives through into the gear box E. In the gear box is provided a change speed gear mechanism (see Change Speed Gear), and also the differential gear and the bevel wheel, by means of which the power is transmitted from the longitudinal shaft in the gear box to the cross shafts H, H, known collectively as the countershaft, which is arranged transversely in the frame. The ends of these shafts carry sprocket wheels J, J, these sprocket wheels being connected by means of the chains K to larger sized sprocket wheels attached to the hubs of the rear wheels. These sprocket wheels are marked Ji, J. L, L is a solid forged axle carry- ing at its ends the road wheels M, M, which revolve about it. Z is the muffler, into which the exhaust gases from the engine flow.
There are three pedals shown just over the clutch. P is the clutch pedal, by depressing which ' the clutch is taken out of engagement. O is a pedal which operates a brake, generally on the countershaft. N is the accelerator pedal used to hold up the governor, and to thus allow the engine to attain its highest speed.
The method of arranging a motor car as we have described is one of the earliest, and is still used in a very great number of up-to-date and high-powered cars. The chain transmission, however, although it has many advantages, is often noisy, and in the more modern cars using this type of transmission chain cases have been fitted not only to deaden the noise, but also to protect the chain from dirt and to insure its proper, lubrication.
In Fig. 2 we show in diagrammatic form a representative arrangement of a car in which the transmission is by gearing instead of chains, and cars using this method are known as gear-driven cars.
DOWNLOAD OLD AUTOMOTIVE BOOK:
Motor truck and automobile motors and mechanism
Free books category: