Tips and tricks
Practical carpentry, joinery, and cabinet-making
PRACTICAL CARPENTRY, JOINERY, AND CABINET-MAKING
BEING A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM OF LINES FOR THE USE OF WORKMEN;
BY PETER NICHOLSON
LONDON; 1826
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Practical carpentry, joinery, and cabinet-making
PREFACE.
This work contains the science and present practice of the Arts of Carpentry, Joinery, and Cabinet-Making, explained in a simple and familiar manner; and, for the advantage of readers not yet acquainted with abstruse scientific terms, no more of them have been employed than were absolutely necessary.
We have uniformly observed, that Carpenters, Joiners, and Cabinet-Makers, are alike distinguished for their superior knowledge in the scientific principles of their respective Arts; and, as it frequently happens that the whole of these arts are followed by a single individual, and the arts themselves having considerable relation, in consequence of being all more or less dependent on the same common principles, we have brought these important arts together into one Work.
During the happy exertions still in progress for the education of the people, a result we expected has taken place: Carpenters, Joiners, and Cabinet-Makers, feeling a desire to hold their pre-eminence, have solicited for works of a superior character, both as regards elucidation of principles and ornamental embellishments. We have done our best endeavours to meet, if not exceed their wishes, and have had the assistance of Talents of the highest rank in the respective departments; our illustrations being from the pencils and gravers of first-rate Artists; an appeal to the interior of our Work will, however, afford more conviction of its utility and value than we can possibly convey in the brief limits of a Preface.
The following is a short sketch of the contents: - The Work is divided into three principal divisions, called Books. The first Book treats of Carpentry, with an Introduction, shewing the principles and methods of describing Curves; the nature and methods of making Working-Drawings ; the manner of Setting out Buildings, &c. &c. The Carpentry then commences with the Principles and Practice of Framing and Connecting Timbers ; the Construction of Roofs, Floors, Partitions, Domes, Niches, Groins, Centres, and Wooden Bridges ; with the principles and methods of finding the Lines for each of these species of work; concluding with a comprehensive view of the Qualities and Strength of Timber.
The Second Book treats of Joinery ; and, after a brief outline of its history and of the nature and mode of describing Mouldings, it proceeds to exhibit the methods of Framing, and Gluing-up, and Setting-out Work; the description of Raking-Mouldings; the Methods of Enlarging and Diminishing Mouldings; the Art of Hinging and forming Joints the Construction of Doors, Windows, Window Shutters, Circular Sashes, Skylights; the Mode of Bending Mouldings, of Diminishing and Fluting Columns and Pilasters ; of forming Architraves, Surbases, and Bases, with specimens of Shop-Fronts; and a complete Treatise on the Theory and Construction of Stairs and Hand-rails ; concluding with the Methods of fixing Joiners' Work, and laying both common and parquet Floors.
The Third Book is appropriated to Cabinet-Making, or the principles of Designing, Constructing, and Selecting Furniture; and treats of the general principles of Design in respect to fitness, outline, relative proportion of Parts, selection of Ornaments, and combination of coloured Woods. The Grecian, Roman, and Gothic styles of Furnishing are next illustrated, and their distinguishing features shown; and the species of Furniture adapted to particular objects, and the modes of furnishing different kinds of rooms are described, and illustrated by original Designs. These are followed by the principles of Constructing Furniture, the methods of Veneering, Inlaying, Buhl-Work, Carving, moulding Ornaments in Wood and Composition, Sic. ; with the best methods of Cleaning-off, Stopping, Staining, common Polishing, French Polishing, Varnishing, and Cleaning Furniture, &c. &c.
We have uniformly observed, that Carpenters, Joiners, and Cabinet-Makers, are alike distinguished for their superior knowledge in the scientific principles of their respective Arts; and, as it frequently happens that the whole of these arts are followed by a single individual, and the arts themselves having considerable relation, in consequence of being all more or less dependent on the same common principles, we have brought these important arts together into one Work.
During the happy exertions still in progress for the education of the people, a result we expected has taken place: Carpenters, Joiners, and Cabinet-Makers, feeling a desire to hold their pre-eminence, have solicited for works of a superior character, both as regards elucidation of principles and ornamental embellishments. We have done our best endeavours to meet, if not exceed their wishes, and have had the assistance of Talents of the highest rank in the respective departments; our illustrations being from the pencils and gravers of first-rate Artists; an appeal to the interior of our Work will, however, afford more conviction of its utility and value than we can possibly convey in the brief limits of a Preface.
The following is a short sketch of the contents: - The Work is divided into three principal divisions, called Books. The first Book treats of Carpentry, with an Introduction, shewing the principles and methods of describing Curves; the nature and methods of making Working-Drawings ; the manner of Setting out Buildings, &c. &c. The Carpentry then commences with the Principles and Practice of Framing and Connecting Timbers ; the Construction of Roofs, Floors, Partitions, Domes, Niches, Groins, Centres, and Wooden Bridges ; with the principles and methods of finding the Lines for each of these species of work; concluding with a comprehensive view of the Qualities and Strength of Timber.
The Second Book treats of Joinery ; and, after a brief outline of its history and of the nature and mode of describing Mouldings, it proceeds to exhibit the methods of Framing, and Gluing-up, and Setting-out Work; the description of Raking-Mouldings; the Methods of Enlarging and Diminishing Mouldings; the Art of Hinging and forming Joints the Construction of Doors, Windows, Window Shutters, Circular Sashes, Skylights; the Mode of Bending Mouldings, of Diminishing and Fluting Columns and Pilasters ; of forming Architraves, Surbases, and Bases, with specimens of Shop-Fronts; and a complete Treatise on the Theory and Construction of Stairs and Hand-rails ; concluding with the Methods of fixing Joiners' Work, and laying both common and parquet Floors.
The Third Book is appropriated to Cabinet-Making, or the principles of Designing, Constructing, and Selecting Furniture; and treats of the general principles of Design in respect to fitness, outline, relative proportion of Parts, selection of Ornaments, and combination of coloured Woods. The Grecian, Roman, and Gothic styles of Furnishing are next illustrated, and their distinguishing features shown; and the species of Furniture adapted to particular objects, and the modes of furnishing different kinds of rooms are described, and illustrated by original Designs. These are followed by the principles of Constructing Furniture, the methods of Veneering, Inlaying, Buhl-Work, Carving, moulding Ornaments in Wood and Composition, Sic. ; with the best methods of Cleaning-off, Stopping, Staining, common Polishing, French Polishing, Varnishing, and Cleaning Furniture, &c. &c.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
BOOK I. CARPENTRY.
CHAP. I.
- To describe a portion of a Circle
- To describe an Ellipsis of any Length and Breadth
- To describe the False Ellipsis, or any Elliptical Figure, by means of Circular
- To describe a Parabola
- To describe a Hyperbola
- To describe the Sections of a Cone by a general Method,
- To describe Gothic Arches
- Transferring Curves
- Setting-out Buildings
- Working Drawings
- Sections of Solids
- Development of Surfaces
CHAP. II.
- Carpentry
- Principles of Framing
- On Scarfing and Lengthening Beams
- Connecting Horizontal Timbers at Right Angles
- Connection of Horizontal to Vertical Timbers
- Abutting-Joints for Oblique Timbers
- Timber Partitions
- Naked Flooring
- Trussed Girders
- Roofing
- Observations on the Forms of Roofs
- Construction of Roofs
- Geometrical Lines tar Roofs,
- Geometrical Lines for Polygonal
- Covering of Circular Roofs
- Purlins and Ribs for Circular Roofs
- Boarding for Circular Roofs
- Of Niches
- Bracketing for Coves and Cornices
- Pendentive Bracketing
- Centring for Arches and Bridges
- Description of Centres
- Description of Plate XXXVII, (the Frontispiece,)
- Of Groined Arches
- Geometrical Lines for Groined Arches
- Plaster Groins
- Of the Construction of Wooden Bridges,
- Remarks on, and Instruction for, choosing Timber
- Qualities of particular kinds of Timber,
- General Cautions and Remarks respecting Timber
- Contraction and Expansion of Timber
- On the Strength of Timber
- Rules for the Transverse Strength
- Of the Stiffness of Beams
BOOK II – JOINERY.
CHAP. I.
- Introduction
- Framing Angles
- Principles of Framing
- Glueing-up Work
- Methods of taking Dimensions and Setting out Work
- Methods of Enlarging and Diminishing Mouldings
- Raking Muldings
- Hinging and the Formation of Joints
- Hinging Doors and Shutters
- On the Formation of the Shutting Joints of Doors, Shutters
- Of the Construction of Doors
- Of Jib-Doors, Book-Doors
- Of the Construction of Windom
- Proportions of Windows
- Parts of Windows
- Construction of Circular Sashes in Circular Walls
- Of the Construction of Window Shutters
- Of the Construction of Skylights
- Springing and Bending Mouldings
- Diminishing and Fluting Columns
- The Method of Setting out the Flutes and Fillets of Pilasters and Columns
- Architrave, Surbases, and Bases
- Shop Fronts
- Stairs and Staircases
- Definitions of the Parts of Stairs
- Proportions of the parts of Stairs
- Construction of Dog-legged Stairs
- Bracketed Stairs
- Geometrical Stairs
- Hand-Railing
- A method of describing the Section of a Hand-rail add its Mitre cap for Dog legged Stairs
- Curvilinear Hand-railing
- The Theory of Hand-railing
- The method of drawing Scrolls for Hand-rails, answering to every description of Stairs
- To find the Moulds for executing a Hand-rail
- To construct the Falling-mould
- To find the Face-mould of the Rail
- To find the Moulds for executing a Hand-rail round a Semi cylindric Well-hole, with four Winders in one quarter, the other being flat, and Flyers above and below
- To find the Moulds for a Semi-circular Stair with a Level Landing
- Application of the Moulds to the Plank
- Hand-rails of Elliptical Stairs
- To draw the form of a Hand-rail upon the Plank by continued motion
- Of fixing Joiner's Work
- Of fixing Grounds
- Of fixing Dado, Skirtings
- Of laying Floors
- Parquet Floors
- Index and Glossary of Technical Terms
BOOK III – CABINET MAKING
CHAP. I.
- Introduction
- General Principles of Design for Cabinet Furniture
- Of Outline or Contour
- Relative Proportion of parts of Furniture
- Selection of Ornaments for Furniture
- Combination of Coloured Woods, Metals, &c. for Furniture
CHAP. II.
- Of the Styles of Furnishing
- Greek Style of Furnishing
- Roman Style of Furniture
- Old English Furniture
CHAP. III.
- Or the different kinds of Furniture
- Of the Furniture of Entrance Halls, Saloons, Galleries, Anti-rooms
- Of the Furniture for Drawing-rooms, Music-rooms
- Of the Furniture for Eating-rooms
- Of the Furniture of Sleeping and Dressing-rooms
CHAP. IV.
- Of the Construction of Furniture
- Methods of Framing
- Of Veneering, Banding
- Of Inlaying, Buhl-work
- Of Carving, Reeding
- Moulding Ornaments; Imitation of Wood
CHAP. V.
- Of Finishing and Polishing Furniture, art.
- Cleaning off Wood-work
- Of Stopping the Defects of Wood-work
- Of Staining Woodwork
- Black Stain, or Imitation of Ebony
- Brown veined Stains, or Imitation of Rose-wood
- Brown Stains to imitate Mahogany
- Of Polishing Wood-work
- Common Polishing
- Of Frendi Polishing
- Of Varnishing Furniture
- Of Cleaning Furniture
- Index and Glossary of Technical Terms
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