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The american house carpenter
THE AMERICAN HOUSE CARPENTER
A TREATISE ON THE ART OF BUILDING AND THE STRENGTH OF MATERIALS.
BY R. G. HATFIELD, ARCHITECT,
NEW YORK; JOHN WILEY & SON, 1873.
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The american house carpenter
PREFACE.
This book is intended for carpenters for masters, journeymen and apprentices. It has long been the complaint of this class that architectural books, intended for their instruction, are of a price so high as to be placed beyond their reach. This is owing, in a great measure, to the costliness of the plates with which they are illustrated: an unnecessary expense, as illustrations upon wood, printed on good paper, answer every useful purpose. Wood engravings, too, can be distributed among the letter-press; an advantage which plates but partially possess, and one of great importance to the reader.
Considerations of this kind induced the author to undertake the preparation of this volume. The subject matter has been gleaned from works of the first authority, and subjected to the most careful examination. The explanations have all been written out from the figures themselves, and not taken from any other work; and the figures have all been drawn expressly for this book. In doing this, the utmost care has been taken to make everything as plain as the nature of the case would admit.
The attention of the reader is particularly directed to the following new inventions, viz; an easy method of describing the curves of mouldings through three given points; a rule to determine the projection of eave cornices; a new method of proportioning a cornice to a larger given one; a way to determine the lengths and bevils of rafters for hip-roofs; a way to proportion the rise to the tread ii stairs; to determine the true position of butt-joints in hand-rails; to find the bevils for splayed-work; a general rule for scrolls, &c. Many problems in geometry, also, have been simplified, and new ones introduced. Much labour has been bestowed upon the section on stairs, in which the subject of hand-railing is presented, in many respects, in a new, and it is hoped, more practical form than in previous treatises on that subject.
The author has endeavoured to present a fund of useful information to the American house-carpenter that would enable him to excel in his vocation; how far he has been successful in that object, the book itself must determine.
Considerations of this kind induced the author to undertake the preparation of this volume. The subject matter has been gleaned from works of the first authority, and subjected to the most careful examination. The explanations have all been written out from the figures themselves, and not taken from any other work; and the figures have all been drawn expressly for this book. In doing this, the utmost care has been taken to make everything as plain as the nature of the case would admit.
The attention of the reader is particularly directed to the following new inventions, viz; an easy method of describing the curves of mouldings through three given points; a rule to determine the projection of eave cornices; a new method of proportioning a cornice to a larger given one; a way to determine the lengths and bevils of rafters for hip-roofs; a way to proportion the rise to the tread ii stairs; to determine the true position of butt-joints in hand-rails; to find the bevils for splayed-work; a general rule for scrolls, &c. Many problems in geometry, also, have been simplified, and new ones introduced. Much labour has been bestowed upon the section on stairs, in which the subject of hand-railing is presented, in many respects, in a new, and it is hoped, more practical form than in previous treatises on that subject.
The author has endeavoured to present a fund of useful information to the American house-carpenter that would enable him to excel in his vocation; how far he has been successful in that object, the book itself must determine.
FIFTH EDITION.
Since the first edition of this work was published, I have received numerous testimonials of its excellent practical value, from the very best sources, viz. from the workmen themselves who have used it, and who have profited by it As a convenient manual for reference in respect to every question relating either to the simpler. operations of Carpentry or the more intricate and abstruse problems of Geometry, those who have tiled it assure me that they have been greatly assisted is using it. And, indeed, to the true workman, there is, in the study of the subjects of which this volume treats, a continual source of profitable and pleasurable interest. Gentlemen, in numerous instances, have placed it in the hands of their sons, who have manifested a taste fop practical studies; and have, also procured it for the use of the workmen upon their estates, as a guide in their mechanical operations. I was not, then, mistaken in my impressions, that a work of this kind was wanted; and this evidence of its usefulness rewards me in a measure for the pains taken in its preparation.
SEVENTH EDITION.
IT is now thirteen years since the first edition of the American House Carpenter was published. The attempt to furnish the recipients of this book with a fund of useful information in a compact and accessible form, has been so far successful that the sixth edition was exhausted nearly a year ago. At that time it was determined, before issuing another edition, to make a thorough revision of the work. The time occupied in this labour has been unexpectedly prolonged by at least six months, and this has resulted from various causes, but more especially from the absorbing nature of my professional duties. A large portion of the work has been rewritten. about 130 pages of new matter introduced and many new cuts inserted.
The most important additions to the work will be found in the section on Framing or Construction. Here will be found, now first published, the results of experiments on such building materials as are in common use in this country, and an extended series of rules for the application of this experimental knowledge to the practical purposes of building. Some of the rules are new, while others heretofore in use have been simplified. This section has been much improved, and it is hoped that it will be of service, not only to the house carpenter but also to the architect and civil engineer.
In preparing the original work, a desire to state the subjects treated of in terms suited to the comprehension of all classes of workmen, precluded the use of algebraical symbols and formulae. In this edition, however, it has been deemed best to introduce them wherever they would contribute to the clearer elucidation of the subject ; but care has been taken to state them in a simple form at first, and so to explain the symbols as they are introduced that those heretofore uninstructed in regard to them, may comprehend what little is here exhibited, and at the same time be induced to pursue the study more fully in works more strictly mathematical. But for those who may not succeed in comprehending the algebraical formulae, it may be stated that all the practical deductions derived from them are written out in words at length, so as to be fully understood without their assistance.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
SECTION I.-PRACTICAL GEOMETRY
- Definitions
- Problems on Lines and Angles
- Problems on the Circle
- Problems on Polygons
- Problems on Proportions
- Problems on the Conic Sections 111-128
- Demonstrations. Definitions, Axioms, Ac.
- Demonstrations. Propositions and Corollaries
SECTION II-ARCHITECTURE.
- History
- Styles. Origin, Definitions, Proportions
- Grecian Orders. Doric, Ionic and Corinthian
- Roman Orders. Doric, Ionic, Corinthian and Composite
- Egyptian Style
- Buildings generally
- Plans and Elevation for a City Dwelling
- Principles of Architecture. Requisites in a Building
- Principles of Construction. The Foundations, Column
- Principles of Construction. The Wall, Lintel, Arch
- Principles of Construction, The Vault, Dome, Roof
SECTION III.-MOULD1NGS, CORNICES.
- Mouldings Elements, Examples
- Cornices Designs
- Cornices Problems
SECTION IV. FRAMING, OR CONSTRUCTION.
- First Principles. Laws of Pressure
- Resistance of Materials. Strength, Stiffness
- Resistance to Compression. Various kinds
- Results of Experiments on American Materials, Tables
- Practical Rules and Examples
- Resistance to Tension
- Results of Experiments on American Materials, Table
- Practical Rules and Examples
- Resistance to Cross Strains. Strength, Stiffness
- Resistance to Deflection. Stiffness, Formulae
- Practical Rules and Examples
- Table IV. Weight on Beams, Formulae
- Practical Rules and Examples
- Table V. Dimensions of Beams, Formulae
- Resistance to Rupture Strength
- Results of Experiments on American Materials, Table
- Table VII. Safe Weight on Beams, Formulas
- Practical Rule* and Examples
- Table VIII. Dimensions of Beams, Formulae
- Practical Rules and Examples
- Systems of Framing, Simplicity of Designs
- Floors. Various, Cross-furring, Reduction of Formulae
- Practical Rules and Examples
- Bridging-strips, Girders, Precautions
- Partitions. Examples, Load on Partitions,
- Roofs. Stability, Inclination
- Load. Roofing, Truss, Ceiling, Wind,
- Strains. Vertical, Oblique, Horizontal
- Resistance of the Material in Rafter and Tie-beam
- Dimensions. Rafter, Braces, Tie-beam, Iron Rods
- Practical Rules and Examples
- Table IX. Weight of Roofs, per Foot
- Examples of Roofs
- Problems for Hip-rafter
- Domes Examples, Area of Ribs
- Problems in Domes
- Bridges. Examples
- Rules for Dimensions
- Abutments and Piers
- Stone Bridges, Centreing
- Joints in Timberwork .
- Iron Work. Pins, Nails, Bolts, Straps
- Iron-Girders. Cast Girder, Bow-string, Brick Arch
- Practical Rules and Examples
SECTION V. DOORS, WINDOWS,
- Doors. Dimensions, Proportions, Examples
- Windows. Form, Size, Arrangement, Problems
SECTION VI-STAIRS,
- Principles, Pitch Board
- Platform Stairs, Cylinders, Rail, Face Mould
- Winding Stairs, Falling Mould, Face Mould, Joints
- Elucidation of Butt Joint
- Quarter-circle Stairs. Falling Mould, Face Mould
- Face Mould. Elucidation
- Face Moulds. Applied to Plank, Bevils,
- Face Moulds. Another method
- Scrolls, Rule, Falling and Face Moulds, Newel Cap
SECTION VII. SHADOWS.
- Shadows on Mouldings, Curves, Inclinations
- Shadows. Reflected Light
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