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In this book are, presented the basic problems, connected with the selection of layouts and calculation of parameters of wind machines, their energy producing characteristics and technical and economic indices. Methods of optimal matching of wind engines with working machines, calculators for strength, and construction and automation of wind machines are analyzed in detail. A description is given of the setup of domestic and foreign wind, installations for various purposes. Basic characteristics of wind as a source of energy, brief information from aerodynamics, the theory of the wind engine and calculation, of its aerodynamic characteristics are presented. In conclusion, recommendations are presented, for use of wind machines according to zone. The book is intended for engineers, designers and workers of scientific and research institutes connected with creation and utilization of wind machines and for engineers and mechanics in agriculture.


Foreword

In recent years. In the USSR and In other countries, work on utilizing the energy of regenerative sources (wind, sun, geothermal waters, tides) has been broadened, primarily for regions not provided with a centralized power supply. Wind power has received the most widespread development.

Expanded scopes of electrification. Including agriculture, have necessitated a new approach to the solution of a number of problems in wind energy. This was expressed In particular in the development of bases for optimal planning of machines which more fully corresponded to regional conditions. In the formulation of new principles and in creation of methods for calculating, designing and unifying wind engines, the utilization of more progressive types of drives and working machines combined with wind engines, and in automation of wind Installations.

Principally new and more perfect machines for various purposes have been created in recent years on the basis of new investigations and inventions.

The optimal solution of many of the problems enumerated is made more complex by the fact that a wind machine works under complex conditions, and changing rates, depending on many factors. Design solutions and calculation of a number of elements of the machine are also relatively complex. The required attention was not paid to these peculiarities earlier, and a simplified approach to a number of problems connected with creation and utilization of wind machines occurred. The consequences of such an approach were frequently a reduction in economy of the machines and premature failure of them.

Wind machines have been most widely utilized for mechanization of the lifting of water in pastures, farms, reclaimed and sown areas, and also for charging storage batteries. This is the traditional direction for utilization of wind. During recent years, highly promising areas have appeared, where utilization of wind Installations is also economically justified; these are, in particular, distillation of water, so-called cathode protection of pipelines and marine constructions from corrosion, vertical drainage of reclaimed land, and supplying power to independent special purpose installations (apparatuses for radio relay communications, automatic meteorological stations, lighthouses, beacons and others).

Although wind machines use a "free" source of energy, their effectiveness, determined by the costs presented, must not be lower than the effectiveness of other power installations, which can be used under actual conditions, they must also have a number of advantages over non-wind installations: longer service life, simpler servicing, etc.

Wind Installations must be wisely and organically inscribed in the overall system of energy supply with consideration for the specifics of the technical processes for which they are designed. In the first place, these are processes of agricultural production, where there are many widely spread objects requiring small amounts of power and located in areas to which access is difficult and which are removed from electrical power circuits. Therefore, installations with power up to 15 kW have received the most widespread development and will be the most promising in the coming period.

Concerning wind energy machines and stations (WES) of medium and high power, the author considers that the requirement for them is limited and that their usage is effective, as a rule, with grouped utilization of multicomponent systems or with the parallel operation of WES's with non-wind stations. These questions are an Independent problem. Their solution requires development of new systems of automatic regulation, fundamentals of mechanical and electrical diagrams and creation of principally new designs for machines providing a significant reduction in metal consumption and cost and an essential Increase in reliability.

The book reviews that which is essentially new, that which has been achieved in wind engineering and in the practice of utilizing wind machines over the past decade, and major attention is paid to the most promising low power machines. Specific questions connected with the creation of a WES are not illuminated in the book.

The circle of questions encompassing theories and practice of wind engineering and wind utilization is relatively wide. In this work, naturally, the task of examining all questions and problems connected with the utilization of the energy of wind is not assigned. The author considered it expedient to refrain from repeating a number of sections which are sufficiently fully expounded on in other books. In this work, he began from the understanding of the problem of wind energy noted above and strived to examine the problems having, in his opinion, the most important meaning for increasing effectiveness of wind machines and wind utilization as a whole. In accordance with this, more attention than is usual is devoted to calculation and design of machines and pumping windmills, and also to problems of energetics and engineering economics. Some information on the theory of the wind engine, aerodynamics and wind resources are presented briefly, in a scope necessary for understanding the basic content of the work. For readers interested by these questions in more detail, directions are given to sources presented in the bibliography.

The basis of the work consisted of Investigations of the author and of the collective of the laboratory of the All-Union Scientific and Research Institute of Electrification of Agriculture (VIESKh) headed by him. The results of combined developments

with TsAGI [Central Institute of Aerohydrodynamics imeni N. Ye. Zhukovskly] and other organizations were used, as were correlations of literary materials and data from government experiments. The results of a combined work of the author with I.V. Rozhdestvenskiy were used during the examination of some problems connected with the creation of electrical wind machines.