Woodwork for Secondary Schools
WOODWORK FOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS
A Text-book for High Schools and Colleges, Prevocational and Elementary Industrial Schools
By Ira Samuel Griffith
Chairman of the Manual Arts Department the University of Missouri
THE MANUAL ARTS PRESS, Peoria, Illinois, 1916
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Woodwork for Secondary Schools
The aim of this book is to provide in text form the essentials of woodwork as usually taught in secondary schools. Manifestly, in a book of this size no one subject can be treated exhaustively. Nor is such treatment necessary to fulfill the purpose of the book, which is to provide the elements of subject-matter for general experience in various lines of woodwork rather than extended experience in some one line. It is confidently expected that the content will be found sufficiently complete for the purpose intended.
Much of the subject-matter, should limitations of time or equipment prevent its use in connection with specific shop experience, may be assigned for reading and study from the purely "informational" point of view. Such assignments, if made so that they shall have some connection with the shop work, will serve to broaden the pupil's "outlook," giving to the specific shop experiences a "setting" calculated to greatly increase the understanding of their meaning.
This text presupposes a knowledge of elementary tool processes, such as are to be found in well organized grade school work, as described in "Essentials of Woodworking," by the same author. However, owing to the lack of any general agreement as to the dividing line between grade school and high school, there will be found included in this text those parts of "Essentials of Woodworking" which observation has shown are frequently not covered in grade schools of good standing. Such duplication makes possible the meeting of diverse conditions now to be found in the division of subject-matter between grade school and high school.
The use of woodworking machines, with the exception of the lathe, by large classes of freshmen is not recommended. The chapter on Woodworking Machines is included in the text for the use of such classes as can be organized with sufficiently small numbers to allow the instructor to give close and continuous attention to the machines. There is no reason, however, why much of such matter may not be read and studied by freshmen as they secure shop experience with the hand tools. A freshman who does not expect to take advanced shop work in wood will be profited by knowing how much of his hand tool work is duplicated by machines in a way which makes possible cheaper and, if well done, equally good production.
It has been found impracticable to treat the subject of carpentry as a chapter of this text. Then, too, because of physical limitations, carpentry can hardly find a place so nearly universal in the general school curriculum as the more strictly bench subjects. For these reasons carpentry has been treated by the author in a separate text.
Much of the subject-matter, should limitations of time or equipment prevent its use in connection with specific shop experience, may be assigned for reading and study from the purely "informational" point of view. Such assignments, if made so that they shall have some connection with the shop work, will serve to broaden the pupil's "outlook," giving to the specific shop experiences a "setting" calculated to greatly increase the understanding of their meaning.
This text presupposes a knowledge of elementary tool processes, such as are to be found in well organized grade school work, as described in "Essentials of Woodworking," by the same author. However, owing to the lack of any general agreement as to the dividing line between grade school and high school, there will be found included in this text those parts of "Essentials of Woodworking" which observation has shown are frequently not covered in grade schools of good standing. Such duplication makes possible the meeting of diverse conditions now to be found in the division of subject-matter between grade school and high school.
The use of woodworking machines, with the exception of the lathe, by large classes of freshmen is not recommended. The chapter on Woodworking Machines is included in the text for the use of such classes as can be organized with sufficiently small numbers to allow the instructor to give close and continuous attention to the machines. There is no reason, however, why much of such matter may not be read and studied by freshmen as they secure shop experience with the hand tools. A freshman who does not expect to take advanced shop work in wood will be profited by knowing how much of his hand tool work is duplicated by machines in a way which makes possible cheaper and, if well done, equally good production.
It has been found impracticable to treat the subject of carpentry as a chapter of this text. Then, too, because of physical limitations, carpentry can hardly find a place so nearly universal in the general school curriculum as the more strictly bench subjects. For these reasons carpentry has been treated by the author in a separate text.
IRA S. GRIFFITH.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER I. COMMON WOODS
1, Classification, Coniferous woods
2, Cedar
3, Cypress
4, Pine
5, Spruce. Broad-leaved woods
6, Ash
7, Bass-wood
8, Birch
9, Butternut
10, Cherry
11, Chestnut
12, Elm
13, Gum
14, Hickory
15, Maple
16, Oak
17, Sycamore
18, Tulip wood
19, Walnut.
CHAPTER II. TOOLS AND PROCESSES
20, Flexible folding rule
21 Pattern-makers' shrinkage rule
22, Framing square
23, Octagon scale
24, Brace measure table
25, Essex board measure table
26, Hundredths scale
27, Rafter table;
28, Determining rafter length by scaling
29, Plumb and level
30, Mortise gages
31, Butt gage
32, Pattern-maker's gage; Gage attachment
33, Twist drill gage
34, Miter square Combination square
35, Spring dividers
36, Calipers
37, Trammel points or beam compass
38, Lumberman's board stick
39, Pattern-maker's knife
40, Butt chisel
41, Mortise chisel
42,' Corner chisel
43, Wood-turning tools
44, Turner's gouge
45, Skew or turner's chisel
46, Scraping tools
47, Carving tools
48, Carver's punch
49, Circular plane
50, Rabbet or rebate plane
51, Rabbet or filletster plane
52, Dado plane
53, Plow and matching plane
54, Universal plane
55, Router plane
56, Scraper plane
57, Handled scraper
58, Veneer scraper
59, Core-box plane
60, Drawing knife
61, Expansion or extension bit;
62, Nut augers
63, Angular boring attachment
64, Extension bit holder
65, Breast drill
66, Hand drill
67, Automatic hand drill
68, Spiral screwdriver
69, Awls
70, Wrecking bar
71, Nail puller
72, Glass cutter
73, Files and rasps
74, File cleaner
75, Belt punch
76, Plug cutter
77, Screw and plug bit
78, Washer cutter
79, Emery wheel dresser
80, Sharpening auger bits
81, Forstner auger bit
82, Sharpening saws
83, Sharpening scrapers
84, Sharpening lathe tools
85, Sharpening carving tools
86, Modeling
87, Glue pots
88, Surface table
CHAPTER III. WOODWORKING MACHINES
89, Introductory
90, Order of procedure in the use of machines
91, Swing cut-off saw
92, Operating a swing cut-off saw
93, Hand planer or jointer
94, Setting up a hand planer or jointer; adjustments
95, Cutter heads; set-up and fitment of knives
96, Operation of a hand planer or jointer
97, Jointer guard
98, Planer or surfacer
99, Operation of a surfacer
100, Adjustments on a surfacer
101, Circular saws
102, Operation of a universal saw
103, Cutting tenons with a universal saw
104, Cutting wedges on a universal saw
105, Kerfing a cove for molding or core-box
106, Table for set-up of universal saw for compound miters
107, Grooving and dado or gaining heads for universal saw
lO8, Circular miter saws
109, Fitting and filing circular saws
110, The band saw
111, Operation of a band saw
112, Re-sawing attachment for band saw
113, Filing and fitting a band saw
114, Brazing small band saws
115, The scroll saw
116, Boring machine
117, Operation of a boring machine
118, Mortiser
119, Operation of a hollow chisel mortiser
120, Tenoner
121, The shaper
122, The lathe
123, Sanders
124, The belt sander
125, Disc and spindle sander
126, The trimmer
127, Miter plane and chute board
128, Miter-box
129, Picture, frame miter-box and nailing clamp
130, Automatic grinder
131, The grindstone
132, Power transmission
133, Splicing belts
134, Selection of belting
135, Babbitting bearings
136, Dust exhaust system
137, Shaft drive vs. individual motor drive
138, Calculating speeds and diameters of pulleys, saws, grindstones, etc.
CHAPTER IV. JOINERY
139, Joinery
140, General directions for joinery
141. Dado
142, Directions for dado
143, Cross-lap joint
144, Directions for cross-lap joint
145, Directions for cross-lap joint - second method
146, Glue joint
147, Directions for glue joint
148, Doweling
149, Directions for doweling
150, Keyed tenon-and-mortise
151, Directions for key
152, Directions for tenon
153, Directions for mortise
154, Directions for mortise in the tenon
155, Blind mortise-and-tenon
156, Directions for tenon
157, Directions for laying out mortise
158, Directions for cutting mortise
159, Directions for cutting mortise - second method
160, Miter joint
161, Directions for miter joint
162, Dovetail joint
163, Directions for dovetail joint
164, Additional joints
165, Hopper joint
166, Doweled joint
167, Pinned mortise-and-tenon
168, Coped joint
CHAPTER V. WOOD TURNING
169, Turning between centers;
170, Centering the stock
171, Adjusting the tool rest
172, Position of the operator
173, Use of the large gouge
174, Use of the outside calipers
175, Use of the large skew
176, Cutting off; Use of parting tool
177, Use of the toe of the skew to dress off an end
178, Heel of the skew used to cut a shoulder
179, Long taper cuts
180, Laying off consecutive measurements
181, Making full v-grooves
182, Short convex cuts ; beads
183, Concave cuts
184, Long convex cuts
185, Face-plate and chuck work
186, Face-plates; Preparation of the stock
187, Rough scraping
188, Convex and concave scraping
189, Chucks; their use
190, Sandpapering and finishing
CHAPTER VI. INLAYING AND WOOD-CARVING
191, Inlaying; general considerations
192, Directions for forming and fitting inlays of irregular outline
193, strings and bandings
194, Directions for building up a typical banding
195, Directions for laying strings and bandings
196, Directions for marquetry
197, Finishing
198, Wood-carving
199, General directions
200, Line carving
201, Ribbon carving
202, Grounding out and molding
203, Modeling
204, Light and shade
205, Finishing carvings
206, Pierced ornamentation
CHAPTER VII. WOOD FINISHING
207, Wood finishes
208, Brushes
209, General directions for using brush
210, Fillers
211, Filling with paste filler
212, Stains
213, Waxing
214, Varnishes
215, Shellac
216, Shellac finishes
217, Oil or copal varnishes
218, Flowing copal varnish
219, Typical finishes for coarse-grained woods
220, Patching; 221, Painting
222, Wood finishing recipes
CHAPTER VIII. FURNITURE CONSTRUCTION
223, General discussion
224, Designing
225, Structural details
226, Posts or legs
227, Corner fastenings
228, Slats, splats or splads; balusters
229, Chairs
230, Patching
231, Curved work
232, Veneering
233, Clamping table tops
234, surfacing table tops
235, Clamping framed structures
236, Adjusting the clamps; clamping a section
237, Assembling the sections
238, Scribing the posts
239, Clamping miters
240, Fastening tops
241, Drawer runners and guides
242, Drawer construction
243, Directions for rabbeted corner
244, Directions for dovetail comer
245, Directions for drawer
246, Paneling
247, Cutting grooves
248, Haunched mortise-and-tenon
249, Rabbeting
250, Fitting a door
251, Hinging a door
252, Locks
253, Carcase construction
254, Shelving
255, Rods
256, Templets
257, Period furniture
258, Moldings
259, Simple upholstering
260, Spring or box seat
261, Woven reed seat
262, Rush fiber seat
263, Cane seating
CHAPTER IX. PATTERN MAKING
264, Pattern-making
265, Materials
266, Flasks
267, Molding operations
268, Determining factors in the construction of a pattern
269, Molding sand
270, Pattern draft
271, Shrinkage
272, Shrinkage vs. rappage
273, Double shrinkage
274, Finish
275, Making a "lay-out"
276, Order of procedure
277, Fillets
278, Cores; core-prints; core-boxes
279, Vertical cores and core-prints
280, Horizontal cores
281, Balanced cores
282, Stop-off cores
283, Stop-off core-box
284, Wood face-plates
285, Segments
286, Lap joint for six-arm pattern
287, Laying out arms
288, Forming arms
289, Spur gear teeth
290, Bevel gears
291, Split patterns; dowels
292, Turning split patterns
293, Tee-pipe fittings
294, Elbow; offset; return bend
295, Loose pieces
296, Burning iron
297, Affixing letters or numerals
298, Varnishing patterns
CHAPTER III.
Woodworking Machines.
89. Introductory. — The fact that certain woodworking machines are described herein should not be taken by the student as evidence that he is at liberty to make use of such machines should they be a part of the shop equipment. Woodworking machines are, of all machines, among the most dangerous. The consequences of carelessness or ignorance may result in lifelong injuries of a most serious nature. Some of the machines, such as the lathe, band-saw or scroll-saw and trimmer may be safely used after instructions, by large classes, when properly safeguarded. Other machines such as the jointer, the circular saw, surfacer, boring machine, mortiser, etc., should be used only by students in classes of such size that careful instruction and constant oversight may be given by the teacher. Other machines, such as the tenoner, shaper, etc., are described that the student may have information of a more extended nature about woodworking methods, but they are not recommended for student use except under special arrangement.
In vocational and trade schools, with ample time for careful instruction, and under favorable conditions, such restrictions may not apply, tho the danger is none the less real. "Safety first" should at all times be the first consideration.
Manufacturers who have made a careful study of accidents which occur in factories have found that, while safety devices will not often times prevent accidents, they at all times serve as reminders of the need for care.
90. Order of Procedure in the Use of Machines. — The order of procedure in the use of the various machines in the squaring of stock to dimensions, and the relation of this work to that done with hand tools is indicated in the following table.
|
SQUARING UP STOCK |
|
| By Hand Tools | By Machines |
| 1. — First operation, getting out stock to convenient working sizes | |
| Hand saws | Swinging cut-off saw |
| 2. — Preparing face side and face edge | |
| Hand plane | Hand planer or jointer |
| 3. — Working to thickness | |
| Gage and hand plane | Surfacer or planer |
| 4. — Working to width | |
| Gage and rip-saw | Circular rip-saw |
| 5. — Reducing to exact width | |
| Hand plane | Jointer |
| 6. — Squaring one end | |
| Try-square and saw | Circular crosscut-saw |
| 7. — Securing length | |
| Rule, try-square, saw | Circular crosscut-saw |
In the use of such machines, face sides and face edges are to be kept against the table tops or the fences or both. The presence of graduated scales on the machine saw and on the planer or surfacer makes the use of the marking gage unnecessary. The presence of fences which may be set to predetermined angles makes the use of the try square unnecessary as a means of laying out and testing.
In ripping to width on a machine, about 1/16 is allowed for planing. This is removed by means of the jointer.
91. Swing Cut-Off Saw. — As this machine comes first in the operations with woodworking machines, it will be described first.
When stock is taken to this saw to be cut it is always in long lengths. If the saw were stationary as are other types of cut-off saws, the operation of pushing the long board past the saw would be found very awkward. The operation of cutting up a long board is made easier by making a stationary saw table on which the board may lie, and swinging the saw in such a manner that it may be moved thru the board. Fig. 133.
The heavy frame or arm, as shown in the illustration, altho weighing several hundred pounds, is always hollow. The shaft and pulleys, which are supported at the top of the arm, serve as countershaft for the machine, one of the small pulleys being tight and the other loose, the large pulley carrying the belt which drives the saw arbor. On this make of machine a pneumatic pulley will be found upon the saw arbor. This type of pulley give clinging power to the belt, the grooves preventing "air pockets" from forming between belt and pulley, and is used on other high-speed machines as well. Swing saws are made to swing from a wall, Fig. 134, as well as from a ceiling, a modified type of hanger bracket being used.
If a swing saw were to be hung from either ceiling or side wall without the counter weight. Fig. 133, the heavy frame would hang in a vertical position. As this would tend to throw the saw over the board and in the way when not in use, a heavy weight is attached to the frame on a system of lever arms so adjusted as to throw the saw back and out of the way when not being pulled forward by the operator.
When not in use the lower edge of the saw rests just back and below the table on which the work is lying. To maintain this relative position of saw and table where different sized saws are made use of, or in first adjustments of the machine to its table, or where successive filings have reduced the size of the saw, some adjustment must be possible. This adjustment on this machine is in the hangers, and by means of it the whole frame may be moved vertically about 6 inches.
Such saws should be provided with a guard similar to the one shown in the illustration. Such a guard should hang well down and over the saw.
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